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Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 , LFP) batteries have shown extensive adoption in power applications in recent years for their reliable safety, high theoretical capability and low cost. Nevertheless, the finite lifespan of these batteries necessitates the future processing of a significant number of spent LFP batteries, underscoring the urgent need for the development of both efficient and eco-friendly recycling methods. This study combines the advantages of wet leaching and direct regeneration methods, leveraging citric acid’s multifaceted role to streamline the combined leaching and hydrothermal processes. Results indicate that citric acid efficiently leaches all elements from spent LFP batteries. Furthermore, through its unique structure, it enhances hydrothermal regeneration by stabilizing metal ions and controlling crystal growth, and also acts as a carbon source for the surface carbon coating of regenerated LFP (R-LFP). The R-LFP shows outstanding electrochemical stability, achieving a discharge capacity of 155.1 mAh·g −1 at 0.1C, with a capacity retention rate of 93.2% after 300 cycles at 1C. Furthermore, economic and environmental analyses demonstrate this method’s superior cost-effectiveness and sustainability. Therefore, the method proposed in this study is efficient, simple and avoids the complex process of element separation, innovatively using a single reagent to achieve closed-loop recycling of LFP batteries, providing a novel and effective solution for the resource sustainability application. Graphical abstract 相关产品

TiO 2 supported Ni 3 Sn 2 intermetallic compound (IMC) catalysts were prepared by the coprecipitation method using resorcinol–formaldehyde resin (RF) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as templates, and they were tested for in situ hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of methyl palmitate using methanol as the hydrogen donor in the aqueous phase. It has been found that introducing SDS and RF enhances specific surface area, pore volume and pore diameter and reduces the Ni 3 Sn 2 IMC particles and their electronic interaction with TiO 2 . In in situ HDO of methyl palmitate, the catalysts prepared with co-introducing RF and SDS exhibit higher activity than that without templates and those separately introducing RF and SDS. The catalyst activity is mainly related to the Ni 3 Sn 2 IMCs particles size and the degree of the electronic interaction between Ni 3 Sn 2 and TiO 2 . The catalyst with introducing a suitable amount of RF and SDS gives the n-pentadecane yield of 87.3% at 330 °C, and it is slightly deactivated after reaction for five times due to carbon deposition and the sintering of Ni 3 Sn 2 IMC particles. 相关产品

Coal-based solid waste, as a secondary resource, contains significant quantities of aluminum, silicon, and lithium resources. The desilication solution is a waste solution with low concentrations of lithium ions, which is produced during the resource utilization process of coal-based solid waste. Developing adsorbents with high lithium selectivity and alkaline stability is important for the recovery of lithium in coal-solid waste alkaline leachate. In this study, resin functionalized with 2-hydroxymethyl-12-crown-4 (2H12C4) is prepared by esterification. The reaction conditions, including resin type, reaction temperature, time, and catalyst dosage, are optimized. The selective adsorption of 2H12C4-D113 is evaluated in a simulated desilication solution. The results show that 2H12C4-D113 with high selectivity for Li + adsorption is successfully synthesized at 1 g of 2H12C4 per g of resin, 110 ℃ reaction temperature, 6 h reaction time, 0.5 g of catalyst per g of resin and 1 mol of anhydrous lithium chloride per mol of 2H12C4. The adsorption rate of the 2H12C4-D113 resin is relatively rapid, and its adsorption kinetics satisfy the proposed second-order kinetic curve, and its Li + adsorption capacity is greatly influenced by Li + concentration. The peaking adsorption capacity of this resin is 58.71 mg/g in pure lithium solution (Li + =200 mg/L) with high alkalinity, and the peaking adsorptive capacity is 9 mg/g in the pre-desilication solution (Li + =274 mg/L, Na + =101 g/L). Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) is utilized to study the selective adsorption mechanisms, geometrical characteristics, and thermodynamic parameters of the complexes between crown ether and different ions. DFT simulation reveals that 2H12C4-D113 has high selectivity for Li + adsorption with a Li + -O bond length of 1.86–1.88 Å, and an adsorption energy of 2H12C4-Li + (−369 KJ/mol) being the highest among the mental ions. 相关产品

Furfurylation is a promising wood modification approach, but the reduced wood toughness largely limits its application in structural areas. In this study, the mechanical properties of Chinese fir wood treated with furfuryl alcohol (FA) solutions at varying concentrations (5% to 45%) was investigated, focusing on how the distribution of FA resin across multiple scales influences these properties. The findings highlighted that the mechanical performance of furfurylated wood is strongly dependent on the distribution of FA resin. The inhomogeneous distribution of FA resin in the core and surface layers enhanced the bending strength and stiffness of furfurylated wood. At low FA concentrations (below 25%), FA resin mainly deposited in the wood cell walls, while at higher concentrations, FA resin accumulated in cell lumens with the cell walls nearly saturated, causing a 60% reduction in bending toughness. Remarkably, further resin deposition in cell lumens above 25% FA did not compromise toughness. This reduction in toughness was largely attributed to the FA resin infiltrating the cell walls. For the structural application of furfurylated wood, either restricting resin infiltration into the cell walls or modifying FA resin to mitigate brittleness are proposed, thus achieving an optimal balance between dimensional stability and toughness. 相关产品

UDP-glucose (UDPG), a nucleoside diphosphate sugar, is an important sugar donor for the biosynthesis of various glycoside compounds. Sucrose synthase (SuSy) can catalyze the synthesis of high-value UDPG from the cost-effective sucrose. By redesigning the substrate-binding pocket of SuSy in Denitrovibrio acetiphilus DSM 12809, a variant with 8.1-fold increased activity was generated in this study. Structural analysis revealed that the synergistic effect of the newly introduced hydrogen bonds and salt bridges was crucial for the enhanced activity. The yield of UDPG reached 127.6 g/L/h using this variant for catalysis. Moreover, when cascaded with glycosyltransferase for salidroside production, the yield of salidroside increased 2.7-fold, and a UDP recycling number of 3.2 was achieved. These results provide technical support for the industrial application of SuSy in the biosynthesis of nucleotide sugars and glycosides. 相关产品

Introduction Traditionally, the mechanism of dark tea quality formation has centered on microorganisms, with quality regulated by manipulating microorganisms and their fermentation environment. Nevertheless, raw teas, the natural selective medium of microbial community, was completely ignored in the formation of dark tea unique flavors. Objectives This study aims to uncover the previously unappreciated interactions between raw tea and microorganisms, demonstrating the significant role of raw tea in the formation of dark tea quality. Methods Sun-dried raw tea (SDT), baked raw tea (BT), and pan-fried raw tea (PFT) were pile fermented. Chemical profiles, microbial communities, and sensory qualities were assessed by metabolomics, high-throughput sequencing, and sensory evaluation, with correlation and multiple factor analyses used to explore their relationships. Results Compared to PFT and BT, SDT had 18 % lower flavonoid content and 26 % lower catechin content, which favored dominant Agathobacter and Wickerhamomyces . Wickerhamomyces contributed to flower aroma by producing alcohols, esters and terpenes, while Agathobacter amplified acid production. The distinctive dominant bacterium Acidovorax in BT was positively correlated with alcohols and hydrocarbons, with Pearson’s r > 0.6, resulting in a 47 % increase in volatile alcohol level, enhancing the fresh and refreshing attributes. A 70–80 % increase in iron concentration in PFT compared to SDT and BT resulted in the predominance of Geobacter , which exhibited a negative correlation with aldehydes. The presence of distinctive bacteria, Streptococcus and Ligilactobacillus , in PFT led to a significant rise in volatile acid content, increasing from 5 % to 25 %. Conclusion The chemical profiles of raw tea could reshape local microbiota, which then drives unique qualities of dark tea. This indicates dark tea quality is not passively shaped by the environmental microorganisms, but actively screened by raw tea chemistry. This study paves the way for targeted manipulation of raw tea chemical profiles to achieve desired dark tea flavor characteristics. 相关产品

According to the problems of poor insulation and local temperature rise of polypropylene film, a new nano-filler was studied, and the mechanism of improving insulation and thermal conductivity was analyzed. TiO2 with high dielectric constant is combined with Al2O3 with excellent thermal conductivity in the form of a core–shell structure. TiO2 increases the dielectric constant of polypropylene films, and shell Al2O3 introduces high thermal conductivity and assumes the role of dielectric buffer layer. Compared with pure PP, the breakdown voltage of PP/TiO2 is increased by 6.05%, the thermal diffusivty coefficient is increased by 110.67%, the breakdown voltage of PP/TiO2@Al2O3 is increased by 37.05%, and the thermal diffusivity coefficient is increased by 266.85%. Experimental and simulation results show that TiO2 introduces low-density traps, TiO2@Al2O3 introduces high-density deep traps, and Al2O3 modifies the surface defects of high-dielectric nanoparticles and increases the equivalent interface region. Based on the analysis of the experimental results with different mass fractions, this paper proposes the optimal filling ratio of the new core–shell, which provides a new method for the composite dielectric to improve the insulation and thermal conductivity at the same time. 相关产品

The absorptivity of endothermic materials serves as a critical index for solar thermal power photothermal conversion systems, and ceramic-based endothermic materials characterized by high absorptivity also exhibit elevated sintering temperatures. In this study, CaF 2 was employed as an additive to investigate its effects on the physical properties and microstructure of the samples, with a particular focus on the mechanism by which CaF 2 reduces the sintering temperature of corundum-based endothermic ceramics. The results showed that the G2 sample (1 wt% CaF 2 ), sintered at 1650 °C, displayed the best physical properties, including 93 % absorptivity, 165.43 MPa bending strength. The sintering temperature of the CaF 2 -doped G-series samples was around 60 °C lower due to liquid-phase calcium hexaaluminate formation from CaF 2 and Al 2 O 3 , which enhanced atomic migration and facilitated ceramic matrix sintering. Additionally, the capillary forces of the liquid-phase calcium hexaaluminate promoted ceramic matrix shrinkage and accelerated corundum-based grain growth through the dissolution-precipitation mechanism, leading to densification. Moreover, the G2 sample exhibited excellent durability, with absorptivity decreasing by only 1.9 % after 100 h at 1000 °C. 相关产品

Three-phase coupled composites were manufactured to holistically evaluate their load-response mechanisms. Tribological properties in ball-on-disk tests were correlated with GF content and different applied loads. Tribological properties of embedded semirings were better than polymer semirings in semiring tests, resulting in the decrease of COF by 44 %, and the reduction in wear depth by 98.8 %. Embedded semiring with the inclusion of 3 wt% GF possessed remarkable tribological properties, as evidenced by COF of 0.071 and wear rate of 22.7 × 10 −4 mm/h. Stress and strain distributions, as well as associated coupling mechanism among all three phases are revealed with the aid of FEA and MD simulation. Overall, this study offers a fundamental theoretical of polymer composites for self-lubricating bearings applications. 相关产品

This study investigated the role of thermal drive in the formation of soy protein isolate and whey protein isolate (SPI–WPI) complexes, as well as the stability effect of SPI–WPI complexes on high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs). The shift in the peaks in the infrared spectrum and the change in fluorescence intensity indicated the interaction between these two proteins, which implies that SPI–WPI is not two dispersed groups of particles. Maximum emulsification activity (10.65 m 2 /g) and the absolute value of potential (37.87 mV) were achieved at a SPI to WPI mass ratio of 7:3. As the concentration and pH of the SPI–WPI complex increased, the droplets become evenly uniform and compact. It is predicted that the high concentration conditions are more favorable for the formation of a gel network structure. This research provides an effective strategy for HIPPEs stabilization using complex proteins. 相关产品

This study proposes a magnetic levitation fixed bed flocculation reactor as an effective method for the removal of Cr (VI). The research examines the effects of both single and dual polymer flocculants on the efficiency of the flocculation process. Initially, a magnetic levitation layer was established using a radial magnetic field in conjunction with stainless steel balls. Subsequently, polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and a non-ionic coagulant, polyacrylamide (NPAM), were introduced into the water to create a magnetic levitation fixed bed flocculation reactor. This reactor with the objective of purifying water contaminated with simulated Cr (VI). The results indicate that the incorporation of a reducing agent, specifically FeSO 4 , in conjunction with PAC and NPAM respectively, can achieve Cr (VI) removal rates exceeding 97% and turbidity removal rates exceeding 96%. The interaction between the cross-flow influent and the flocculating particles promotes the formation of micro-vortex flocculation. 相关产品

Allocryptopine (ALL), a principal active component of the novel veterinary medicine Bopu Powder®, has gained widespread application in the poultry farming sector for the effective management of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) diarrhea. In order to explore the metabolites and the pivotal enzymes associated with ALL, this study was conducted employing an in vitro chicken liver microsomal incubation. The metabolites of ALL were analyzed and identified by combining isotope tracing technology with the application of mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns. The key metabolic enzymes involved in the biotransformation of ALL were explored using the CYP450 recombinant enzyme method, which facilitated the identification of the enzymes contributing to ALL's metabolic pathway. The liver microsomal metabolism investigation revealed a total of five metabolites, with the predominant being M2 (harmol or 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyl-5,7,8,15-tetrahydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4',5':4,5]benzo[1,2-g]benzo[c]azecin-14(6H)-one). The recombinant enzyme analysis conclusively identified CYP2D6 as the pivotal CYP450 isoenzyme that plays a central role in the metabolic pathway of the principal ALL metabolite, M2. This research not only expands our comprehension of the biotransformation process of ALL but also provides significant scientific evidence for the clinical safety of ALL, which was of great importance for guiding the application of ALL in the field of veterinary medicine. 相关产品