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This study examined the effectiveness for degradation of hydrophobic (HPO), transphilic (TPI) and hydrophilic (HPI) fractions of natural organic matter (NOM) during UV/H 2 O 2 , UV/TiO 2 and UV/K 2 S 2 O 8 (UV/PS) advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The changing characteristics of NOM were evaluated by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the specific UV absorbance (SUVA), trihalomethanes formation potential (THMFP), organic halogen adsorbable on activated carbon formation potential (AOXFP) and parallel factor analysis of excitation–emission matrices (PARAFAC-EEMs). In the three UV-based AOPs, HPI fraction with low molecular weight and aromaticity was more likely to degradate than HPO and TPI, and the removal efficiency of SUVA for HPO was much higher than TPI and HPI fraction. In terms of the specific THMFP of HPO, TPI and HPI, a reduction was achieved in the UV/H 2 O 2 process, and the higest removal rate even reached to 83%. UV/TiO 2 and UV/PS processes can only decrease the specific THMFP of HPI. The specific AOXFP of HPO, TPI and HPI fractions were all able to be degraded by the three UV-based AOPs, and HPO content is more susceptible to decompose than TPI and HPI content. UV/H 2 O 2 was found to be the most effective treatment for the removal of THMFP and AOXFP under given conditions. C1 (microbial or marine derived humic-like substances), C2 (terrestrially derived humic-like substances) and C3 (tryptophan-like proteins) fluorescent components of HPO fraction were fairly labile across the UV-based AOPs treatment. C3 of each fraction of NOM was the most resistant to degrade upon the UV-based AOPs. Results from this study may provide the prediction about the consequence of UV-based AOPs for the degradation of different fractions of NOM with varied characteristics. Associated Products

This research was aimed to construct the nanoparticles based on Hohenbuehelia serotina polysaccharides for encapsulation of quercetin (QC-HSP NPs), and investigate their effects on intestinal function and gut microbiota in mice. Results showed that in comparison with HSP and control, QC-HSP NPs significantly improved immune organ indexes, colon length, fecal moisture content and intestinal peristalsis capacity of mice. The productions of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in colon were also increased after treatment with QC-HSP NPs, while the colonic fecal pH was decreased and defecation time was shortened. Through analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing, QC-HSP NPs could increase α and β diversities of gut microbiota, modulate their structure and composition, and increase the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria together with reducing the richness of harmful bacteria. In addition, QC-HSP NPs ameliorated the metabolic functions of gut microbiota by modulating metabolic pathways. This study suggested that QC-HSP NPs might be served as a prebiotic for protecting intestinal health. Associated Products

Durability and capacity of electrode materials, especially the anodes, are the main challenges for aqueous Li-ion batteries. In this work, MoSe 2 micron flowers have been synthesized and investigated as anodes for Li + storage in LiCl aqueous-based electrolytes. In the LiCl solution, the working potential of the MoSe 2 anode can reach −1.0 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Yet, its reversible capacity is only ∼14 mAh g −1 (50 C g −1 ), owing to the absence of Faradaic reactions and the fast deformation of MoSe 2 . After gelation of the LiCl solution using poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), the activity of water is largely inhibited, and the operating potential is broadened to −1.2 V. In this gel system, the Faradaic reaction of the MoSe 2 anode is triggered, and hence its capacity is largely enhanced. With a suitable amount of PVA (LiCl/PVA-20), the MoSe 2 electrode can deliver reversible capacities of high as 157 mAh g −1 at 1 A g −1 , and 139 mAh g −1 at 2 A g −1 , and still high as 100 mAh g −1 after 50 cycles, indicating relative good stability. Using commercial LiMn 2 O 4 as cathode, a full aqueous Li-ion battery was assembled, and a high discharge voltage of ∼1.8 V can be achieved. It is found that not only the activity of water but also the morphology change of the MoSe 2 during cycling is inhibited in the gel electrolyte. Associated Products

Herein, we report the preparation of a gold nanoparticle-thioglycolic acid (TGA@AuNP) suspension for the label-free colorimetric detection of the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos. This colorimetric sensor was synthesized by a one-pot method, providing thioglycolic acid (TGA)-modified gold nanoparticles with a negatively charged surface. The formation of TGA@AuNPs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). In addition, chlorpyrifos was quantitatively determined by UV-vis spectrophotometry. The modification time, TGA concentration, pH, incubation time, temperature, ionic strength, and interference of other pesticides were also investigated. The synthesized TGA@AuNP colorimetric sensor possesses a detection limit as low as 20 μg L−1 and a selective sensing response, and the detection time is less than 2 minutes. In addition, this method can also be applied to detect various practical samples in life, such as environmental water samples and tea. Associated Products

A novel electrochemical immunoassay based on nanobody heptamer for ultrasensitive detection of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is proposed. First, AFP heptamer fusion protein (A1-C4bp α) is prepared via fusing the AFP-specific nanobody (A1) with the C-terminal fragment of C4-binding protein (C4bp α). Then A1-C4bp α heptamer with higher affinity is used as the molecule recognizing probe to capture numerous the AFP, increasing the sensitivity of the immunosensor. Moreover, AuNPs decorated zeolitic imidazolate framework ( [email protected] ) with large surface area, and abundant binding sites serves an ideal nanocarrier to increase heptamer loading. Multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) with excellent electrical conductivity was immobilized on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to enhance electrochemical signals. The coupling between the [email protected] @MWCNTs and heptamer technologies constructed an ultrasensitive and specific immunosensor for AFP detection in the range of 0.1 to 10 5 pg mL −1 with a lower detection limit of 0.033 pg mL −1 . The as-prepared electrochemical sensing exhibited excellent performance and could be employed to determine AFP with satisfactory results in actual serum samples, suggesting that the proposed strategy for nanobody multimerization provides an alternative scheme for enhancing sensitivity in important biomarkers detection. Associated Products

In this study, novel metallic oxide catalyst MnFe 2 O 4 @biochar composite was synthesized by sol–gel pyrolysis loading of MnFe 2 O 4 on biochar, and then used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade bisphenol A (BPA). Characterization results demonstrated that the Fe and Mn oxide particles were homogeneously distributed on the surface of biochar, which avoided the aggregation of metal oxides. The strong magnetism of the composite was conducive to recycling during practical application. In the PMS system activated by MnFe 2 O 4 @biochar composite, the removal rate and mineralization rate of 20 mg/L BPA reached 100% and 95.9% within 30 min, respectively. The quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study verified the coexistence of free-radical and non-radical pathways in the MnFe 2 O 4 @biochar/PMS system, with O 2 •- as the dominant active species, followed by singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ). The catalytic degradation process could adapt a wide pH range from weak acid to the alkaline matrix and showed negligible influence by anions and humic acid. The characterization results confirmed the synergistic effect of the bimetal, proving that the introduction of biochar and second metal source into iron-based catalyst played an important role in the composite. Overall, the MnFe 2 O 4 @biochar showed promising performance in activating PMS for organic pollutant degradation in water with high stability and safe performance. Associated Products

Developing high-performance nanozyme for the construction of high-sensitivity biosensor platform is of great significance. Herein, we have designed and synthesized a Cu/N co-doped carbon-based nanozyme by anchoring Cu atoms on two-dimensional carbon nanosheet (Cu/NC NS). The Cu/NC NS possessed ultra-high Cu loading, superior peroxidase-like catalytic activity, great stability and reusability. Significantly, the Cu/NC NS exhibited high affinity towards H 2 O 2 and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) under acidic condition, which could induce obvious color changes of TMB in the presence of low H 2 O 2 concentration. By integrating the Cu/NC NS with β-galactosidase (β-Gal) and galactose oxidase (Gal Ox), a multienzyme cascade colorimetric sensing system was established for the detection of lactose and β-Gal, which realizing the assay of lactose and β-Gal in the linear ranges of 0.1–1.4 mM and 0.025–0.2 U/mL, respectively. And the limit of detection for lactose and β-Gal were 0.03 mM and 0.01 U/mL, respectively. Furthermore, this work achieved the accurate detection of the content of lactose in milk and the activity of β-Gal in human serum, exploiting a novel application for nanozyme in biosensing. Associated Products

In this work, Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract (EUOLstabilized silver nanoparticles (EUOL@AgNPs) incorporated sulfonated polyether sulfone (SPES)/polyethersulfone (PES) electrospun nanofiber membranes (SP ENMs) were prepared by electrospinning, and they were studied for the removal of lead (Pb(II)) and cadmium (Cd(II)) ions from aqueous solutions. The SP ENMs with various EUOL@AgNPs loadings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscope, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and contact angle (CA) measurements. The adsorption studies showed that the adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) was rapid, achieved equilibrium within 40 min and 60 min, respectively and fitted with non-linear pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics model. For Cd(II) and Pb(II), the Freundlich model described the adsorption isotherm better than the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cd(II) and Pb(II) was 625 and 370.37 mg g −1 respectively at neutral pH. Coexisting anions of fluoride, chloride, and nitrate had a negligible influence on Cd(II) removal than the Pb(II). On the other hand, the presence of silicate and phosphate considerably affected Cd(II) and Pb(II) adsorption. The recyclability, regeneration, and reusability of the fabricated EUOL@AgNPs-SP ENMs were studied and they retained their high adsorption capacity up to five cycles. The DFT measurements revealed that SP-5 ENMs exhibited the highest adsorption selectivity for Cd(II) and the measured binding energies for Cd(II), Pb(II), are 219.35 and 206.26 kcal mol −1 , respectively. The developed ENM adsorbent may find application for the removal of heavy metals from water. Associated Products

Fast, convenient, and highly sensitive detection of antibiotic is essential to avoid its overuse and the possible harm. Owing to enrichment effect and antifouling ability of ultrasmall nanochannels, the vertically ordered mesoporous silica nanochannel film (VMSF) has great potential in the development of the facile electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor for direct and sensitive analysis of antibiotics in complex samples. In this study, we demonstrated a flexible ECL sensor based on a cost-effective electrode covered with a VMSF for sensitive detection of clindamycin. Polyethylene terephthalate coated with indium tin oxide (PET-ITO) is applied as a flexible electrode to grow VMSF using the electrochemically assisted self-assembly (EASA) method. The negatively charged VMSF nanochannels exhibit significant enrichment toward the commonly used cationic ECL luminophores, tris(2,2-bipyridyl) dichlororuthenium (II) (Ru (bpy)32+). Using the enhanced ECL of Ru (bpy)32+ by clindamycin, the developed VMSF/PET-ITO sensor can sensitively detect clindamycin. The responses were linear in the concentration range of 10 nM–25 μM and in the concentration range of 25–70 μM. Owing to the nanoscale thickness of the VMSF and the high coupling stability with the electrode substrate, the developed flexible VMSF/PET-ITO sensor exhibits high signal stability during the continuous bending process. Considering high antifouling characteristic of the VMSF, direct analysis of clindamycin in a real biological sample, human serum, is realized. Associated Products

Graphical Constructing lithiophilic skeleton : An unusual substrate with heterogeneous lithiophilicity, Ag nanoparticles encapsulated inside nitrogen (N)-doped carbon hollow spheres (denoted as Ag@NCHSs), is demonstrated to induce uniform Li deposition. Uncontrollable dendritic lithium (Li) growth and huge volume fluctuation are critical issues for the commercialization of Li metal anode. This work reports a three-dimensional conductive host with hierarchical lithiophilicity to promote the uniform Li plating/stripping. Except for the common merits of the large surface area and excellent conductivity, the unique structural and compositional design, Ag nanoparticles encapsulated inside nitrogen-doped carbon hollow spheres (Ag@NCHSs), allows a model of inside-outside Li deposition due to the promising lithiophilicity of Ag component. This type of Li deposition strategy is evidenced by in-situ optical microscope, in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and endows a promising ability to overcome the fatal issues of Li metal anode even at high areal capacities and current densities. As a result, the developed host with the hierarchical lithiophilicity enables a remarkable enhancement of cycling performances. The strategy of constructing hierarchical lithiophilicity brings new insights to stabilize the Li metal anode. Associated Products

In surface waters, photogenerated transients (e.g., hydroxyl radicals , carbonate radicals, singlet oxygen and the triplet states of dissolved organic matter) are known to play a role in the transformation of biorecalcitrant carbamazepine (CBZ). Small diketones, such as acetylacetone (AcAc) and butanedione (BD), are naturally abundant and have been proven to be effective precursors of carbon and oxygen centered radicals. However, the photochemical kinetics and mechanisms of coexisting diketones and CBZ are barely known. Herein, the effects of AcAc and BD on the photochemical conversion of CBZ were investigated compared with H 2 O 2 which was the main ·OH precursor in the environment. An enhancing effect was observed for the degradation of CBZ by the addition of diketones. The enhancing effect of diketones was pH-dependent and much more significant than H 2 O 2 under simulated solar irradiation. On the basis of the identification of transient species and the competition kinetic model, organic peroxyl radicals were found to play a dominant role in CBZ photodegradation , and the second-order rate constants of the reaction between CBZ and peroxyl radicals were determined to be approximately 10 7 –10 8  M –1 s –1 . Furthermore, mutagenic acridine was found to be the major cumulative intermediate with a yield of > 30% in the presence of diketones, which might be an environmental concern. This work indicates that the coexistence of diketones and persistent organic pollutants might lead to some detrimental effects on aquatic environments if the water is exposed to sunlight. Associated Products

Here, we describe a sensitive and rapid gold nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic strip (GNP-ICS) for the detection of dimethachlone (DMT) in tomatoes and lettuces using GNP-labeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as the probe. Anti-DMT mAbs (1F4) were produced using two haptens and identified by heterologous indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) and had a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and limit of detection (LOD) of 2.84 ± 0.07 and 0.67 ± 0.01 ng mL−1, respectively. The developed GNP-ICS assay showed high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of DMT with a cut-off and visual limit of detection (vLOD) of 40 and 5.0 ng mL−1, respectively. Furthermore, the application of these developed immunoassays for the determination of DMT-spiked tomato and lettuce samples was validated by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and we found that our developed GNP-ICS assay was suitable for the detection of DMT in real samples. Associated Products