Ultralow Ru nanoparticle-loaded Ti4O7 anodes for efficient chlorine evolution and sustainable farm odor spray wastewater treatment

Although the widely used dimensional stable anode (DSA) exhibits good activity and selectivity on chlorine evolution reaction (CER), the high content of precious metals and poor stability hinder the application. This work reported the use of interface engineering strategy to develop a cost-effective Ti 4 O 7 anode with ultralow Ru nanoparticles (NPs) loading (0.29 wt%) (Ru@Ti 4 O 7 ) via metal-support interactions. More oxygen vacancies were created by the interfacial Ru-O-Ti units and accelerated the reaction kinetics and charge transfer rate. 1 %Ru@Ti 4 O 7 displays superior CER activity, reaching a current density of 10 mA cm −2 at a low overpotential of 96.5 mV and a turnover frequency 16 times higher than DSA. The Ru@Ti 4 O 7 anode also achieved complete ammonia oxidation mainly mediated by chlorine radicals, with a high N 2 selectivity of 82 %. Particularly, the sustainable treatment for farm odor spray wastewater by the Ru@Ti 4 O 7 system was verified, in which the efficient purification of ammonia nitrogen and the good electrochemical stability of citric acid realized the recycling of water and deodorant. This work provides great opportunity to fabricate desirable Ti 4 O 7 –based CER electrodes and develops a good solution to the enormous challenges faced by the farm odor emission reduction industry.