Ultralight 3D silk nanofiber scaffolds with enhanced hemostatic properties and biocompatibility for rapid hemostasis

Developing an effective hemostatic material that combines excellent biocompatibility with high blood absorption capacity remains a critical clinical challenge. In this study, ultralight three-dimensional (3D) silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds, composed of continuously interconnected nanofibers, are introduced as a novel hemostatic material. The distinctive fluffy nanofiber architecture endows the scaffolds with a remarkable porosity of 78.9 % and exceptional liquid absorption capacity. The integration of montmorillonite (MMT) further enhances the hemostatic properties of the scaffolds, while SF naturally promotes the intrinsic coagulation pathway. The scaffolds exhibit an impressive blood absorption capacity of 1687.7 %. In vitro evaluations indicate that the SF nanofiber scaffolds exhibit a blood clotting index rate of 24.6 %, a hemolysis ratio of less than 4 %, and outstanding biocompatibility. The blood coagulation time is significantly reduced from 449 s to 230 s. Additionally, the scaffolds show adhesion rates to erythrocytes and platelets of 52 % and 45.9 %, respectively. The nanofiber scaffolds aggregate and activate platelets extensively, accelerating the formation of platelet emboli, which collectively contribute to their superior hemostatic performance. Consequently, these nanofiber scaffolds hold substantial promise as absorbable hemostatic agents for achieving rapid hemostasis in clinical applications.