Synergetic effect of microorganism-material hybrid system: Paenarthrobacter sp. KN0901 and C3N5-based materials for enhanced atrazine degradation with increased electron quantity at low temperature

The leaching of atrazine wastes from agricultural areas presents a considerable risk to the ecosystem. This work aims to create microorganism-material systems employing the atrazine-degrading strain Paenarthrobacter sp. KN0901 and C 3 N 5 -based materials to efficiently eliminate atrazine residues from aquatic environments at low temperatures. The synthesized C 3 N 5 and O-C 3 N 5 markedly improved the growth and atrazine degradation of KN0901. The degradation rate of atrazine in the KN0901-C 3 N 5 and KN0901-O-C 3 N 5 systems rose by 7.3 % and 15.1 %, respectively, in comparison to biodegradation systems. The elevated NADH/NAD+ and GSH/GSSG ratios indicated a greater availability of electrons to KN0901 when associated with C3N5-based materials, implying that these materials contributed electrons to KN0901. Nitazoxanide and methyl viologen inhibited the electron transfer route, leading to a significant decrease in the breakdown rate of KN0901-C 3 N 5 systems. Glucose and sodium citrate, functioning as electron donors, markedly accelerated the degradation rate of atrazine in the KN0901-C 3 N 5 systems. This work demonstrated that C 3 N 5 -based materials may donate electrons to KN0901, hence improving the efficiency of atrazine breakdown at low temperatures. This work successfully developed microorganism-material systems that effectively eliminate atrazine in aquatic settings, especially in cold climates.