Rational design of carbon dot nanozymes for ratiometric dual-signal and smartphone-assisted visual detection of nitrite in food matrices

Developing reliable nitrite (NO 2 − ) sensors is essential for food safety and reducing health risks from NO 2 − exposure. In this study, we strategically designed nitrogen-doped carbon dot (N-CD) nanozymes to establish an accessible dual-signal ratiometric sensing system for detecting NO 2 − in food matrices. This system utilizes the photoluminescence and enzyme-like properties of N-CD nanozymes combined with NO 2 − -triggered diazotization reactions of substrates such as o -phenylenediamine (OPD) or 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). The resulting N-CD/OPD and N-CD/TMB composites provide dual-mode detection—fluorescence and colorimetric—with high selectivity for NO 2 − and excellent resistance to interference. These sensors exhibit clear color changes under both ultraviolet and visible light, and can be combined with smartphones for visual, on-site detection of NO 2 − . By incorporating a ratiometric strategy, dual-signal output, and smartphone compatibility, our system achieved a low detection limit (≤ 1.92 μM) and satisfactory recovery rates (85.6–115 %) in environmental water and food samples. This highlights the potential of smartphone-assisted sensors for environmental monitoring and food safety applications. Our carbon dot-based platform offers a practical and effective solution for on-site NO 2 − detection, contributing valuable insights to the field.