Preparation of a novel LC@MWCNTs membrane and its application for enhanced phosphate removal and fouling control

To control the eutrophication originating from phosphate discharge, a novel adsorptive membrane was prepared by vacuum filtrating lanthanum carbonate modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (LC@MWCNTs) on the UF membrane. The LC@MWCNTs were firstly made using an in-situ method by adding MWCNTs to LaCl 3 ·7H 2 O solution and forming lanthanum carbonate under alkaline conditions. The adsorption experiments exhibited that the maximum adsorption capacity of LC@MWCNTs was 77.58 mg P/g at pH 5. And the phosphate adsorption by LC@MWCNTs was not predominantly reliant on electrostatic interaction , but rather achieved through chemical interactions. Then, the prepared LC@MWCNTs membrane was systematically evaluated for its phosphate removal efficiency and anti-fouling performance during filtration. With the initial phosphate concentration of 1 mg P/L and membrane flux of 378 L·m −2  h −1 , the phosphate removal by LC@MWCNTs membrane approached almost 100 %. Moreover, the LC@MWCNTs membrane exhibited higher permeability (281.6 L·m −2 h −1 bar −1 ) and effectiveness for humic acid (HA) removal (75 %), and LC@MWCNTs membrane mitigated the fouling caused by HA. XPS , FTIR and XRD elucidated that phosphate removal by LC@MWCNTs membrane primarily through the formation of La-O-P inner-sphere complexes via ligand exchange, resulting in the formation of adsorption product LaPO 4 ·0.5H 2 O. Under strong alkaline conditions, the LC@MWCNTs membrane rapidly restored its phosphate removal performance (30 min) with no significant detachment of the LC@MWCNTs layer, indicating its good recovery and reusability performance. Additionally, the LC@MWCNTs membrane could continuously remove phosphate from actual water, confirming its potential for future practical applications.