Photonic hydrogels combining the slow photon effect and NO gas therapy for synergetic enhanced photodynamic antibacterial therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers potential for combating bacterial infections through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the antibacterial efficiency of PDT is largely impeded by the limited photon absorption of photosensitizers and the short diffusion length and lifespan of ROS. Herein, we present a light-harvesting platform based on l -arginine-modified photonic hydrogels loaded with new indocyanine green (PG@Arg/IR820) for synergizing the slow photon effect with NO gas therapy to enhance PDT antibacterial efficiency. Upon near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation, PG@Arg/IR820 can maximize the utilization of photons via the slow photon effect to generate sufficient ROS, which not only acts as the primary bactericidal agent in PDT but also triggers l -arginine to generate NO. NO exhibits a long diffusion distance and lifespan and can freely diffuse to inhibit distant bacterial growth, demonstrating a vital complementary advantage in bacterial inactivation by ROS. The synergistic effect of the slow photon effect combined with NO gas therapy allows PG@Arg/IR820 to intensify bacterial destruction and enhance PDT antibacterial efficiency. This antibacterial system sheds light on an advisable design principle for efficient antibacterial activities in photodynamic inactivation.