Optimizing the content of Li2CO3, Na2SO4 and TEA in fly ash–cement system by response surface methodology

With an optimized dosage, hardening accelerators become a vital means of modifying fly ash-cement system (FAC). This study comprehensively investigated the mechanical properties of FAC modified by Li 2 CO 3 , Na 2 SO 4 , and triethanolamine (TEA) under different dosages, and optimized the dosage of accelerators through the response surface method (RSM). The synergistic effect of accelerators on the hydration of FAC was characterized by thermogravimetric differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results demonstrated that the factors and response value followed a quadratic polynomial model. The regression coefficients R 2 of the model were all greater than 0.9, indicating good agreement with the experimental data. The content of Li 2 CO 3 and Na 2 SO 4 had an extremely significant effect on the compressive strength of 1d and 3d, followed by TEA. The optimal mix ratio predicted by RSM was 0.12 % Li 2 CO 3 , 0.47 % Na 2 SO 4 , and 0.40 % TEA. Early hydration stages revealed that the combined action of these accelerators increased the formation of CH, CaCO 3 , and amorphous C-(A)-S-H gel. Microscopically, the surface of fly ash exhibited alkali-induced corrosion, thereby enhancing its pozzolanic reactivity.