Multi-ion detection chemosensor based on rhodamine for turn-on fluorescence sensing and bioimaging of Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, and Hg2+ under different channels

A novel rhodamine-based multi-ion fluorescent sensor, RGN, was designed and synthesized for the highly selective detection of mercury ions (Hg 2+ ) in ethanol and water systems, as well as trivalent cations (Fe 3+ , Al 3+ , and Cr 3+ ) in acetonitrile and water systems using a two-step Schiff base reaction method. Nuclear magnetic titration experiments and theoretical calculations demonstrated that the sensor achieved the detection of the aforementioned metal ions through the fluorescence turn-on phenomenon induced by lactam ring-opening. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation results showed decreased HOMO-LUMO energy gaps and increased dipole moments, indicating the effective coordination of the sensor with the corresponding metal ions to form more stable complexes, thereby achieving detection objectives. Furthermore, the fluorescence turn-on sensor RGN exhibited relatively low detection limits, with limits of detection (LOD) for Fe 3+ , Al 3+ , Cr 3+ , and Hg 2+ being 10.20 nM, 14.66 nM, 58.78 nM, and 73.33 nM, respectively. Finally, practical applications of sensor RGN in environmental water samples, L929 cells, and zebrafish were demonstrated, indicating its potential for detecting and tracking Fe 3+ , Al 3+ , Cr 3+ , and Hg 2+ in environmental samples and biological systems, with prospects for biomedical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of heavy metal ion-induced diseases.