Multifunctional Power Generators beyond Moisture Limitation

The moisture-enabled electricity generators (MEGs) represent an appealing clean power strategy within the realm of hydrovoltaic technology. However, their stable operation under all-weather conditions is still challengeable due to the effect of ambient humidity. Herein, a self-water-storage MEGs with multifunctionality was developed. Gel textiles are employed as the proton-release layer, while graphite fibers loaded with tin-bismuth alloy liquid metal serve as water-storing electrode. The gel textiles absorb water permeating down from the electrodes, releasing protons, which then react with the active electrode to enhance output performance. The experiment demonstrates that a device can generate a voltage of 0.55 V and a current of 7.08 μA after water storage, with a maximum power density of 1.14 μW·cm - ². The device's performance output can remain stable within a wide temperature range. The experiment confirms that the electrical output of the device originates from ionic diffusion, while density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations reveal the importance of the strong hydrolysis ability of the polymer and the high adsorption energy of the liquid metal for H 3 O + on the output performance of the device. Furthermore, the integrated device has demonstrated effective applications in driving microelectronic devices, charging capacitors and, self-powered health monitoring.