Low-temperature carbonization of bulk chemicals to yield low-surface carbon material for sodium-ion battery anodes

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are anticipated to be a potentially more cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for large-scale energy storage. Carbon materials are practical anodes, but the traditional production of hard carbon for SIBs often requires high temperatures exceeding 1300 °C. Aiming for a more economical approach, this work presents a carbon material synthesized through the low-temperature carbonization of 2,3-diaminophenazine and terephthalic acid IPB-C (600). Despite its low specific surface area, this carbon material demonstrates exceptional capacity and cycling stability because of its interlayer warping feature. It delivers a specific capacity of 370 mAh g −1 at 300 mA g −1 and maintains 77.98 % capacity retention after 1500 cycles. This research highlights the potential for producing high-capacity carbon negative electrode materials with cost-effective bulk chemicals for SIBs.