In3+-doped Bi/BiOCl/Bi(In3+)-MOF composite for accelerating photocatalytic elimination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes under co-effect of nanoconfinement and reactive oxygen species

A Bi/BiOCl/Bi(In 3+ )-MOF Z-scheme heterojunction enriched with positive electric charges on the surface caused by In 3+ doping was prepared by a one-step solvothermal method. Photodegradation of antibiotics (tetracycline, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone), antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (AR E. coli ), the tetA gene they carried, and Fusarium graminearum was investigated. The experimental results showed that Bi/BiOCl/Bi(In 3+ )-MOF sample possessed efficient photodegradation activity, with a removal of 10 7.34 CFU·mL −1 against AR E. coli in 80 min, 83.0 % and 4.89 log 10 copies·mL −1 for tetracycline and tetA gene in 120 min, respectively. Zeta potential test and adsorption capture experiment confirmed that Bi/BiOCl/Bi(In 3+ )-MOF surface was rich in positive charges and had a strong nanoconfinement effect on negative-charged bacteria and ARGs, which shorten the time for the active substances produced by photocatalysis to come into contact with bacteria and ARGs, thereby improving the photocatalysis degradation effect. Finally, Bi/BiOCl/Bi(In 3+ )-MOF sample was applied and discussed for the removal of complex colonies from duck farm wastewater.