Functionalized Pd-loaded tungsten oxide: An efficient strategy for the detection of trace triethylamine at low temperature

Given the potential hazards posed by triethylamine (TEA) to human health and environmental safety, it is crucial to have real-time and efficient detection methods in place. However, the low reactivity of TEA poses a challenge in achieving effective detection at low temperature. Hence, a high-performance sensor for detecting TEA was developed using Pd-doped WO 3 prepared through a one-step electrospinning method. The sensor based on 1.0 wt% Pd-WO 3 exhibited exceptional performance in detecting TEA at low temperature (100 °C), showing a response of 246 to 20 ppm. Additionally, it demonstrated a low detection limit (0.03 ppm) and excellent selectivity characteristics. The outstanding sensing capability can be ascribed to the noble metal electron sensitization and spillover effects, which enhance the interaction between chemisorbed oxygen and TEA gas by adjusting the Fermi level of 1.0 wt% Pd-WO 3 . This adjustment achieves surface electron redistribution and optimizes interfacial atomic transport, while also reducing the activation energy required for gas sensing, thereby lowering the operating temperature.