Fabrication of hyaluronic acid-based nanoparticles and studies on their radical scavenging activity

The purpose of this paper is to study the stability, radical scavenging activities, and bio-safety of cysteine-conjugated hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (Cys- conj -HA NPs). Additionally, the feasibility of utilizing these NPs as drug delivery systems is discussed. The structures of synthesized Cys- conj -HA polymers were analyzed using 1 H nuclear magnetic spectrum ( 1 H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra. The stability, radical scavenging activity, and bio-safety of fabricated Cys- conj -HA NPs were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photograph illustrated that Cys- conj -HA NPs possessed spherical shapes with an average diameter of approximately 230 nm. Furthermore, these NPs exhibited high stability at temperatures of 4, 25, and 37°C. Notably, Cys- conj -HA NPs demonstrated significant free radical scavenging capabilities. The high cell viability observed indicated the absence of cytotoxicity from Cys- conj -HA NPs. Additionally, bio-safety studies revealed that these NPs did not induce acute toxicity in the blood and viscera of cargo-free NPs treated mice. Elisa assays indicated that there was no significant difference in the concentrations of interferon-γ (INF-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) between Cys- conj -HA NPs and normal saline (NS) treated mice (ns, p > 0.05), suggesting the absence of an inflammatory reaction caused by these NPs. Consequently, it can be concluded that Cys- conj -HA NPs are sufficiently safe to be employed as a vehicle for delivering oxidizing drugs.