Effervescence-assisted salting-out liquid-liquid extraction for rapid and convenient analysis of pyrethroid pesticide residues

A simple and efficient effervescence-assisted salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (EA-SALLE) method was developed for the rapid extraction of pyrethroid insecticides in fruit juices and herbal extracts. By integrating effervescence extraction with SALLE, the extraction and phase separation processes were conducted simultaneously, significantly simplifying the experimental procedure and reducing the extraction time to just 3 min. Key factors influencing the method's efficiency were systematically optimized. Combined with gas chromatography with an electron capture detector, enabled the determination of nine pyrethroid insecticides, demonstrating excellent linearity (R 2  > 0.99), low limits of detection (0.03–0.17 ng/mL), satisfactory accuracy (recoveries ranging from 83.0 % to 107.9 %), and good precision (RSD < 9.1 %). The proposed EA-SALLE method offers a simple, efficient, and cost-effective sample preparation technique. It is characterized by ease of operation, short extraction time, and high sensitivity, providing an effective tool for the monitoring and assessment of pesticide residues in complex samples.