Dual network conductive hydrogel for robust epidermal electrode patches

Flexible wearable electronic devices, capable of real-time physiological signal monitoring, are increasingly utilized in personalized medicine for health management due to their convenience, superior wearing comfort, and potential for customization. However, the development of soft electrodes for wearable signal recording faces challenges, including adaptation to the complex topography of the skin, adhesion performance, mechanical stability, and reliability in long-term signal monitoring. In this work, we present a conductive and stretchable hydrogel electrode prepared via a one-pot method. By incorporating silk fibroin into acrylamide, a stable double-network backbone was formed. Additionally, the inclusion of graphene oxide and calcium ions enhanced the mechanical properties, improved moisture retention, and ensured stable conductivity of the hydrogel electrode. As a soft surface electrode, it reliably collected and monitored electrocardiogram signals over extended periods, underscoring its potential applications in medical electronics and health monitoring.