Cascade-driven nanomotors promote diabetic wound healing by eradicating MRSA biofilm infection

Bacterial infection, hypoxia, and inflammatory stress responses are the key obstacles that delay the healing of diabetic ulcers. Herein, DMSNs-Pt-LOX@Nisin (DPLN) nanomotors that exhibits cascade propulsion and can specifically target methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is developed. The DPLN can facilitate the conversion of the abundant lactic acid existed in diabetic wounds, resulting in the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Meanwhile, the unilateral Pt nanodendrites (Pt DNs) catalyze H 2 O 2 to produce O 2 , driving the nanomotors to rapidly penetrate into the biofilm. Moreover, by loading Nisin, which can bind to lipid II of Gram-positive bacteria, the nanomotors can target MRSA through a self-driven process. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the nanomotors can eradicate MRSA biofilms. Furthermore, animal studies show that DPLN are able to expedite the process of wound healing in diabetic mice through the eradication of biofilms, facilitation of angiogenesis, and mitigation of inflammation. These novel nanomotors combining cascade propulsion and MRSA targeting represent an encouraging and potentially effective approach in diabetic ulcer treatment.