Bisphenol analogues in soils and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) around typical factories in eastern China: Occurrence, contamination characteristics, and health risks

Following the restrictions on bisphenol A (BPA), the production and environmental release of bisphenol analogues (BPs) have increased. However, knowledge about the occurrence of bisphenol analogues other than BPA, especially in farmland soils and edible plants, remains limited. This study investigated the occurrence, contamination characteristics, and human health risks of eight bisphenol analogues in paired soil-plant samples from areas near factories in eastern China. Results indicated that the concentrations of Σ 8 BPs in the collected soil and plant samples ranged from 1.4 to 897.1 ng/g dw and 2.5 to 586.2 ng/g dw, respectively. BPA, bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) were the primary components of BPs, with BPA having the highest detection frequency (74 %). In addition, a positive correlation was observed between the root concentration factor and the log K ow of BPs ( R 2  = 0.471, P  < 0.05), whereas the translocation factor exhibited a negative correlation with the log K ow ( R 2  = 0.405, P  < 0.05). The hazard index (HI) values of BPs in paired soil-plant samples were <1, suggesting that the current contamination levels of BPs in soils and plants are unlikely to pose significant health risks to humans. However, potential risks from long-term exposure require careful monitoring. This study offers new insights into the spatial distributions and contamination status of BPs in farmland soils and plants, highlighting the environmental behavior and health risks of other bisphenol analogues.