Biogas slurry-derived dissolved organic matter inhibited oxytetracycline adsorption by tropical agricultural soils

The increasing presence of oxytetracycline (OTC) in agricultural soils has raised global environmental concerns. We investigated the environmental behavior and fate of OTC in two types of tropical agricultural soils, focusing on the impact of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from biogas slurry. Techniques such as three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV–vis) were used to explore the adsorption mechanisms. Our findings revealed that biogas slurry-derived DOM decreased the OTC adsorption on soils and extended the time to reach adsorption equilibrium. Specifically, the equilibrium adsorption of OTC by the two soils decreased by 19.41 and 15.32 %, respectively. These adsorption processes were effectively modelled by Elovich, intraparticle diffusion, linear, and Freundlich thermodynamic models. Thermodynamic parameters suggested that OTC adsorption onto soils was spontaneous and endothermic, with competitive interactions between biogas slurry-derived DOM and OTC molecules intensifying at higher DOM concentrations. The adsorption mechanisms were governed by both physical and chemical processes. Furthermore, the presence of Ca 2+ and Na + ions significantly inhibited OTC adsorption. These insights advanced our understanding of the fate and risk of OTC in soil environments influenced by DOM, contributing to more informed agricultural and environmental management practices.