All-vanadium-based lithium–ion full battery with hierarchical yolk–shell structure electrodes

An all-vanadium-based lithium–ion full battery is successfully assembled with the hierarchical micro–nano yolk–shell structure V2O5 and V2O3 as cathode and anode, which are obtained through a facile solvothermal method with heat treatment under different atmospheres. When used as the cathode of lithium–ion battery, the hierarchical micro–nano yolk–shell V2O5 demonstrated higher capacities than bulk V2O5, commercial LiFePO4, and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathodes at various current densities. The all-vanadium-based lithium–ion full battery shows good cycle performance at 0.1C and stable charge/discharge abilities at large current densities. The electrochemical performance of the full battery results from the low impedance and pseudocapacitance-dominated lithium storage mechanism derived from micro–nano yolk–shell structure.