A 3D printed biomimetic scaffold for cartilage regeneration with lubrication, load-bearing, and adhesive fixation properties

Reconstructing the tri-layer structure of articular cartilage (AC) and replicating its functions pose significant challenges. In response, we propose a novel approach utilizing 3D printing technology to replicate and reconstruct the complex structure of AC. This is achieved by introducing three distinct functional hydrogels, each providing lubrication , load-bearing, and adhesive fixation functions. We have systematically characterized the structure, chemical composition, and function of each layer. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the tri-layer scaffold, which exhibits low friction, mechanical properties similar to natural AC, excellent adhesion capacity, and good biocompatibility . This study paves the way for innovation in the traditional methods of preparing biomimetic AC and has broad applications in osteochondral (OC) defect repair.