Orange G degradation by heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate activation based on magnetic MnFe2O4/α-MnO2 hybrid

Wastewater containing an azo dye Orange G (OG) causes massive environmental pollution , thus it is critical to develop a highly effective, environmental-friendly, and reusable catalyst in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation for OG degradation. In this work, we successfully applied a magnetic MnFe 2 O 4 /α-MnO 2 hybrid fabricated by a simple hydrothermal method for OG removal in water. The characteristics of the hybrid were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy , Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, vibrating sample magnetometry, electron paramagnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis , and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effects of operational parameters (i.e., catalytic system, catalytic dose, solution pH, and temperature) were investigated. The results exhibited that 96.8% of OG degradation was obtained with MnFe 2 O 4 /α-MnO 2 (1:9)/PMS system in 30 min regardless of solution pH changes. Furthermore, the possible reaction mechanism of the coupling system was proposed, and the degradation intermediates of OG were identified by mass spectroscopy . The radical quenching experiments and EPR tests demonstrated that SO 4 • ̶ , O 2 • ̶ , and 1 O 2 were the primary reactive oxygen species responsible for the OG degradation. The hybrid also displayed unusual stability with less than 30% loss in the OG removal after four sequential cycles. Overall, magnetic MnFe 2 O 4 /α-MnO 2  hybrid could be used as a high potential activator of PMS to remove orange G and maybe other dyes from wastewater.