Facile synthesis of ε-poly-L-lysine-conjugated ZnO@PDA as photothermal antibacterial agents for synergistic bacteria killing and biofilm eradication

Nanomaterial-based antimicrobial strategies have emerged as powerful tools to combat microbial resistance, avoiding side effects of misusing antibiotics. In this work, the zinc oxide-based nanohybrid (designated as [email protected] ε-PL) as broad-spectrum antibacterial agents were fabricated in a facile two-step process. To be specific, ZnO was coated with near-infrared (NIR)-photoresponsive polydopamine (PDA), and then coupled with the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) (ε-poly- L -lysine, ε-PL). The as-prepared [email protected] ε-PL can effectively contact and capture bacteria, and then exhibit an excellent photothermal effect, i.e . , the temperature rises rapidly to 53.2 °C (100 μg/ml) under 808 nm NIR light irradiation for 10 min. The synergistic effect of ε-PL, ZnO and photothermal agent PDA contributes to the excellent antibacterial efficiency of [email protected] ε-PL (<100 μg/ml) with 808 nm irradiation, that is, 99.70% and 100.00% against Gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli , E. coli ) and Gram-positive bacteria ( Staphyloccocus aureus , S. aureus ), respectively. Further experiments indicated the [email protected] ε-PL ultimately lead to bacterial death by disrupting cell integrity, leaking of intracellular components (e.g., nucleic acids). Moreover, [email protected] ε-PL can effectively remove 70.84% of S. aureus biofilms. Overall, NIR-responsive [email protected] ε-PL has great potential in the field of infection treatment.