Titania hybridized melamine–formaldehyde aerogel for online in-tube solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons prior to HPLC–DAD

In order to improve the selectivity and stability of melamine–formaldehyde (MF) aerogel, it was composited with TiO 2 aerogel. A TiO 2 -MF hybrid aerogel was in situ prepared on the surface of carbon fibers for in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The extraction performance of TiO 2 -MF aerogel was regulated by changing the ratio of TiO 2 sol and MF sol during the material preparation. Coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC–DAD), the extraction tube filled by TiO 2 -MF aerogel-coated carbon fibers was evaluated with several types of environmental pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), estrogens, and ultraviolet filters. Because of favourable extraction performance of PAHs they were selected as model analytes, and some important influence factors were optimized for satisfactory sensitivity. The detection limits were in the range 0.05–0.10 μg L −1 , owing to high enrichment factors (653–1007). The online in-tube SPME-HPLC–DAD method was verified for the determination of trace PAHs in environmental water samples, and acceptable recovery (70–118%) was achieved. The analytical methods also displayed some advantages in comparison with other reports. Moreover, the extraction tube exhibited satisfactory chemical stability. Graphical abstract