Dual-response fluorescent probe based on nitrogen-doped carbon dots and europium ions hybrid for ratiometric and on-site visual determination of oxytetracycline and tetracycline

Tetracyclines residues, particularly oxytetracycline (OTC) and tetracycline (TC), have raised extensive concern because of their serious adverse effects on human health. Herein, a dual-response fluorescent probe based on nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) and Eu 3+ hybrid (N-CDs–Eu 3+ ) was developed to selectively determine OTC and TC. The N-CDs act as ancillary ligands of Eu 3+ and recognition units of OTC/TC, while the Eu 3+ ions chelated with N-CDs can also specifically recognize OTC/TC. Upon inclusion of OTC/TC, an enhancement in Eu 3+ emission occurs due to the energy transfer from OTC/TC to Eu 3+ and the efficient elimination of quenching effect caused by H 2 O molecule, which is attributed to the incorporation of N-CDs; while the blue fluorescence emitted by the N-CDs decreases under the inner filter effect and static quenching effect caused by OTC/TC. Based on the double and reverse response signals, the ratiometric detection of OTC and TC in the range of 0.1–45 μΜ and 0.1–30 μΜ is achieved with a detection limit of 0.017 and 0.041 μM, respectively. In addition, the noticeable variation in fluorescence color of the probe is integrated with a smartphone-assisted analysis device for the rapid on-site quantitative assay of OTC, where the detection limit is 0.15 μΜ. The results show that this probe performs with excellent specificity and anti-interference for both OTC and TC, and satisfactory detection results are obtained in lake water, milk, and honey samples, thereby confirming that the probe exhibits promising application in food safety and environmental monitoring.