In situ formed and fully integrated laser-induced graphene electrochemical chips for rapid and simultaneous determination of bioflavonoids in citrus fruits

Rapid and sensitive determination of bioflavonoids in agricultural products is an important issue in food production, pharmaceutical industry and modern precision agriculture. In this study, a novel and fully integrated electrochemical chip for simultaneous determination of bioflavonoids in citrus fruits was for the first time developed by in situ formed laser-induced graphene (LIG) at polyimide sheets. Effects of laser power on the surface morphology and structural characteristics as well as electrochemical activity of LIG were investigated. Subsequently, electrocatalysis of naringin and hesperidin at LIG electrodes was realized and kinetic analysis was then conducted to investigate the detail electrode process. Finally, a fully integrated LIG electrochemical chips for rapid determination of naringin and hesperidin were fabricated. As-prepared LIG electrochemical chips demonstrated a low detection limit, large linear range, good selectivity and acceptable reproducibility for both analytes. Furthermore, electrochemical tests on solutions containing Citrus grandis “ Tomentosa ” (CGT) extract showed that the as-prepared LIG electrochemical chips had a high reliability and validity, as well as an acceptable recovery, and therefore could be used in practical applications.