A multifunctional nanotheranostic agent based on Lenvatinib for multimodal synergistic hepatocellular carcinoma therapy with remarkably enhanced efficacy

Lenvatinib (LT), a first-line molecular targeted therapeutic drug for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has been replacing the status of Sorafenib (SF) as the clinically preferred and irreplaceable treatment for a decade. To overcome the low drug utilization and limited single efficacy of LT, ultrasmall copper sulfide nanocrystals (Cu 2-x S NCs), and ultrasmall gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) were evenly wrapped into galactosamine conjugated poly(lactide- co -glycolide) (PLGA) as the drug delivery nanoparticles (CAL@PG) by nanoprecipitation. The CAL@PG NPs exhibited excellent stability under physiological conditions, whereas they released LT rapidly in the unique tumor microenvironment (TME) and high temperature, which could be provided by the near-infrared-II (NIR-II) photothermal effect of Cu 2-x S NCs. Moreover, the temperature elevation, regenerated hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and lower pH of TME could substantially boost the reaction potency of copper Fenton-like chemistry. More importantly, this combined therapy significantly improved the efficacy of LT, provided a multifunctional LT delivery system, and enriched the nanoparticle-augmented multimodal synergistic HCC therapy modality.