Extreme-environment-adapted eutectogel mediated by heterostructure for epidermic sensor and underwater communication

In recent years, gel-based ion conductor has been widely considered in wearable electronics because of the favorable flexibility and conductivity. However, it is of vital importance, yet rather challenging to adapt the gel for underwater and dry conditions. Herein, an anti-swelling and anti-drying, intrinsic conductor eutectogel is designed via a one-step radical polymerization of acrylic acid and 2, 2, 2‑trifluoroethyl methacrylate in binary deep eutectic solvents (DESs) medium. On the one hand, the synergistic effects of hydrophilic/hydrophobic heteronetworks can elicit the integrity stability of eutectogel in liquid environment. It is proved that both the mechanical property and conductivity are maintained after immersing in different salt, alkaline and acid solution and organic solvent for one month. On the other hand, the eutectogel inherits well conductivity (93 mS/m), anti-drying and antibacterial properties from DESs. Based on the above features, the resulting eutectogel can be assembled as smart sensor for stable information transmission in air and underwater with fast response time (1 s), high sensitivity (Gauge factor = 1.991) and long-time reproducibility (500 cycles, 70 % strain). Considering the simple preparation and integration of multiple functions, the binary cooperative complementary principle can provide insights into the development of next-generation conductive soft materials.