Catalytic Conversion of Carbohydrates into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural by Phosphotungstic Acid Encapsulated in MIL-101 (Cr, Sn) Catalyst in Deep Eutectic Solvents

Herein, we report the synthesis of bimetal–organic frameworks (BMOFs) with both Brønsted and Lewis acidities, in which phosphotungstic acid (PTA) was encapsulated in BMOFs. It is efficient in converting starch to 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural (HMF) in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) such as choline chloride and formic acid. The highest yield of HMF (37.94%) was obtained using P0.5/BMOFs1.0to catalyze starch in a mixed solvent system comprising DESs and ethyl acetate (EAC) (v/v; 2:3) at 180 °C and a reaction time of 10 min. Employing a DES as a cocatalyst and solvent reduced the use of organic solvents. The catalyst showed adequate reusability, and the HMF yield only decreased by 2.88% after six cycles of reuse compared with that of the initial catalyst. This study demonstrates the application potential of BMOFs in the conversion of biomass to useful molecules with commercial and/or research value.Keywords:bimetal–organic frameworks;phosphotungstic acid;loading;cassava starch;catalysis