Synergistic dual-mechanism raised structure and vertically aligned porous 3D hydrogel fabric for ultra-high salt-resistant water desalination

A solar evaporator with simple fabrication process, exceptional photothermal conversion efficiency and dependable continuous water evaporation holds significant potential for seawater desalination and wastewater treatment. Despite the substantial research dedicated to developing high-efficiency solar evaporators, there remains a need for additional exploration to tackle concerns such as salt crystallization, low evaporation efficiency, poor durability and stability. Here, an efficient water transport PVA hydrogel (water transport layer) and polydopamine/carbon black modified 3D raised-fabric (photothermal layer) are innovatively designed as solar evaporators. The synergistic effect between the periodic raised structure and polydopamine/carbon black results in outstanding photothermal conversion capabilities of PDA/CB@RF. Meanwhile, the porous structure of PVA hydrogel and its vertically aligned channels facilitate ion exchange and ensure a consistent water supply to the photothermal layer. This phenomenon serves to prevent the accumulation of salt in the photothermal layer, thereby markedly enhance the water evaporation capability of the PDA/CB@RF evaporator. The results demonstrate that the PDA/CB@RF evaporator system exhibits excellent photothermal conversion performance with its surface temperature rapidly ascending to 73.3 ℃ under 1 sun light intensity, and effectively boost the water evaporation rate (1.73 kg m -2 h −1 , 1 sun). Furthermore, the PDA/CB@RF evaporator exhibits excellent conversion efficiency (91.9 %) and self-desalting capability. Overall, this solar evaporator system with a 3D raised fabric design integrates light and thermal energy, consistent water evaporation and self-desalting functionalities, which makes it hold the potential to solve the pressing challenge of water shortage.