High-Throughput Automatic Laser Printing Strategy toward Cost-effective Portable Integrated Urea Tele-Monitoring System

A portable sweat urea sensing system is a promising solution to satisfy the booming requirement of kidney function tele-monitoring. However, the complicated manufacturing route and the cumbersome electrochemical testing system still need to be improved to develop the urea point-of-care testing (POCT) and tele-monitoring devices. Here, a universal technical route based on a high-throughput automatic laser printing strategy for fabricating the portable integrated urea monitoring system is proposed. This integrated system includes a high-performance laser-printed urea sensing electrode, a planar three-electrode system, and a self-developed wireless mini-electrochemical workstation. A precursor donor layer is activated by laser scribing and in situ transferred into functional nanoparticles for the drop-on-demand printing of the urea sensing electrode. The obtained electrodes show high sensitivity, low detection limit, fast response time, high selectivity, good average recovery, and long-term stability for urea sensing. Additionally, a laser-induced graphene circuit-based miniature planar three-electrode system and a wireless mini-electrochemical workstation are designed for sensing data collection and transmitting, achieving real-time urea POCT and tele-monitoring. This scalable method provides a universal solution for high-throughput and ultra-fast fabrication of urea-sensing electrodes. The portable integrated urea monitoring system is a competitive option to achieve cost-effective POCT and tele-monitoring for kidney function.